The Tomahawk cruise missile with serious deviation from the route can be attributed to several interference factors

Sandy LARSON 2023/02/14

　　Faced with a more capable enemy, GPS could find itself one of the first victims of any new conflict.The special beam-forming antenna and signal processor are developed to allow the pseudo-satellite to acquire satellite-borne GPS signals even when attacked.Tests performed in April 2000 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Pentagon‘s research arm, convinced the military that the pseudowires were powerful enough to overcome jamming.Like satellites in space, four pseudo satellites are needed to map the navigation solution.The failure of the Iraqi military to continually throw GPS-equipped Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) bombs and Tomahawk cruise missiles severely off course can be attributed to several factors.

　　Each satellite transmits two signals, one for civilian use and the other for an encrypted version for military purposes.The airborne pseudo satellite installed on the Global Hawk or Predator drone, nicknamed "pseudo satellite", can create a miniature GPS constellation over Iraq.Iraqi efforts at jamming could also be frustrated by a new type of signal-enhancement technology that has been secretly deployed in Iraq to overwhelm GPS jammers.Still, the danger may be short-lived: high-power GPS jammers can easily be traced back to their origins, effectively portraying themselves as Bull's-eyes.

　　INS systems are slightly less accurate than GPS, however, so there is a greater risk that INS-guided weapons might be a tad off course, raising the risk of collateral damage and casualties in densely populated areas.This Russian company has been peddling GPS jammers at military hardware exhibitions since 1999.The Iraqi military used at least six of these high-powered GPS jammers during the war, each selling for $40,000 or more.The high-cost and high-power GPS jammer from Avia Versiya are said to be able to jam GPS signals for miles around.Among the most important was the installation of backup inertial navigation systems (INS) that could keep the bombs and missiles on target if the GPS signal was compromised.

　　INS systems are slightly less accurate than GPS, however, so there is a greater risk that INS-guided weapons might be a tad off course, raising the risk of collateral damage and casualties in densely populated areas.This Russian company has been peddling GPS jammers at military hardware exhibitions since 1999.The Iraqi military used at least six of these high-powered GPS jammers during the war, each selling for $40,000 or more.The high-cost and high-power GPS jammer from Avia Versiya are said to be able to jam GPS signals for miles around.Among the most important was the installation of backup inertial navigation systems (INS) that could keep the bombs and missiles on target if the GPS signal was compromised.

　　The new receivers, called precision lightweight GPS receivers (PLGRS), or“Plugs,” have been used for pseudo satellites.Although the integrity of the GPS signal was maintained in the war with Iraq, the enemy's attempts to corrupt it underscored the need to protect GPS-dependent weapons and navigation systems.Potential Vulnerability of GPS to Interference Jack Spencer, a defense analyst in Washington,"It is generally believed that GPS signals are vulnerable to attack."The Washington-based Heritage Foundation is lobbying for GPS to be declared a critical infrastructure under the homeland security umbrella.Officials were reluctant to provide details, but given the speed with which they solved the problem, the Iraqi GPS jammers might have been effective initially.